In this article we shall discuss on the top 15 most common building material failures that occur on construction sites, their causes, warning signs, and, most importantly, prevention of them by means of proper site practices.
A significant number of construction defects are caused by mishandling of building materials.
The engineers should also be familiar with the fundamentals of RCC column design
and appropriate structure detailing prior to construction.
The materials used in construction form the backbone of any construction project. Even the finest structural design may fail in case of poor selection of materials, storage, testing or misuse at site. Regrettably, the causes of cracks, leakages, loss of strength, and early deterioration of structures are often because of the material-related failures.
Building structural durability can also be influenced by material failures.
Understanding the compressive concrete strength assists in avoiding structural defects.
15 Most Common Building Material Failures
Given below are the Top 15 most common building material failures on construction sites.
1.Loss of cement strength through improper storing.
What Goes Wrong ?
- Cement is very sensitive to water. On many sites, cement bags are:
- Placed directly on the ground.
- Exposed to rain or humidity
- Kept beyond their shelf life
- Consequently cement begins to hydrate early and this causes low strength. Poor storage of cement lowers strength and durability. The engineers must also be aware of the popular cement test mistakes at site.
Common Symptoms:
- Lumps in cement bags
- Weakness of compressive strength of concrete.
- Ineffective attachment to aggregates.
Root Causes:
- No platform raised or pallets.
- Torn gunny bags
- Storage period (more than 3 months)
Prevention Tips:
- Keep cement in wooden pallets at the ground level and above 150 mm.
- Wet proof covers.
- Adhere to FIFO (First In, First Out) procedure.
- Before use, perform field tests (color, smoothness, float test).
Poor storage of cement lowers strength and durability. The engineers must also be aware of the. typical cement testing mistakes at site.
2. Failure of Concrete because of Low Mix Proportion.
What Goes Wrong?
One of the largest causes of concrete failure is the improper mix ratios, and, in particular, excess water. Concrete defects can also cause issues of water seepage. See the common RCC slab leakage causes and prevention tips.
Common Symptoms:
- Honeycombing
- Low compressive strength
- Excessive shrinkage cracks
Root Causes:
- The Concrete mixing without any measurement.
- To achieve workability, water is added.
- Violation of mix design requirements.
Prevention Tips:
- Employ design mix concrete as much as possible.
- Measure materials on the weight, not volume.
- Keep water- cement ratio under control.
- Use plasticizers in place of water.
3. Corrosion and Strength Loss of Reinforcement Steel.
What Goes Wrong?
Corrosion of steel reinforcement happens in presence of moisture, air or chloride prior to concreting.
Common Symptoms:
- Rusted steel bars
- Reduced bond strength
- Fissures on the reinforcement lines.
Root Causes:
- Steel stored in open areas
- Prior pre exposure to concreting.
- Saline or contaminated water is used.
Prevention Tips:
- Place steel in the store on elevated supports.
- Cover with tarpaulin sheets
- Clean rust, and then use (wire brush).
- Make sure that there is proper cover of concrete.
4. Sand Failure, Over Supply of Silt and Clay.
What Goes Wrong?
Mortar and concrete are weakened by sand of high silt or clay content.
Common Symptoms:
- Poor plaster finish
- Low mortar strength
- Bonding and cracking on the surface.
Root Causes:
- Sand of the river bed or unwashed sand.
- No silt content testing
- Supplier quality issues
Prevention Tips:
- Site silt content test (jar test).
- Check the level of silt content should be within the limits.
- Use preferred and reliable sources of washed M-sand.
5. Aggregate Failure Because of Pale Grading and Form.
What Goes Wrong?
Almost 70 per cent of the concrete volume consists of aggregates. Aggregates of poor quality have great impacts on concrete strength.
Common Symptoms:
- Segregation in concrete
- Weakness in spite of the right cement content.
- Harsh or unworkable mix
Root Causes:
- Flaky and long aggregates.
- Poor grading
- Contaminated aggregates covered with dust.
Prevention Tips:
- Perform sieve analysis
- Flakiness and index of elongation.
- Wash aggregates prior to use where necessary.
6. The Collapsing of Brick Masonry as a result of bad quality Bricks.
What Goes Wrong?
Poor or underbaked bricks absorb too much water and they are not strong.To know more about bricks, check the bricks classes.
Common Symptoms:
- Cracks in masonry walls
- Dampness and efflorescence
- Plaster peeling off
Root Causes:
- No brick testing on site
- Making use of over-burnt or under-burnt bricks.
- High water absorption
Prevention Tips:
- Carry out brick compressive strength test.
- Check water absorption (must be less than 20 percent)
- Brick masonry should be properly cured
7. Plaster Collapse as a result of misjudged choice of materials
What Goes Wrong?
The failures of plaster are quite widespread and commonly attributed to workmanship, although there is a significant contribution of material problems. For material calculation ,check the brick work cement plaster materials calculator.
Common Symptoms:
- Cracks in plaster
- Debonding from surface
- Powdery or weak surface
Root Causes:
- Incorrect cement-sand ratio
- Using fine or silty sand
- Poor curing
Prevention Tips:
- Insert plaster mix ratios.
- Make sure sand is clean and of good grade.
- Allow to dry a minimum of 7 days.
8. Building Material Failures- Waterproofing Materials.
What Goes Wrong?
The breakdown of waterproofing contributes to leakage, dampness and structural deterioration in the long run. Construction costs could go high as a result of material failures. Check the house construction cost calculation in India.
Common Symptoms:
- Leakage in bathrooms and roofs.
- Damp patches on walls
- Mold and fungus growth
Root Causes:
- Poor surface preparation
- out of date waterproofing chemicals.
- Inappropriate thickness in application.
Prevention Tips:
- Strictly adhere to the instructions of manufacturers.
- Check material shelf life
- Application Conduct ponding tests.
9. Building material Failures of tile and Flooring because of Adhesive problems.
What Goes Wrong?
Tiles are not usually unsuccessful, but rather it is the low quality mortar or adhesive.
Common Symptoms:
- Hollow sound under tiles
- Tile popping or cracking
- Uneven floor finish
Root Causes:
- Applying cement mortar instead of tile adhesive.
- Poor substrate preparation
- Incorrect adhesive mixing
Prevention Tips:
- Apply tile adhesives produced in the factory.
- Make sure surface is clear and flat.
- Adequate curing and setting interval.
10. Poor curing of Concrete and Masonry.
What Goes Wrong?
Even good quality concrete and masonry can fail when curing is not considered or performed in a wrong manner. Absence of curing causes cement to be under hydrated.
Common Symptoms:
- Surface cracks
- Dusting and powdery finish
- Decreased compressive strength.
Root Causes:
- Early removal of formwork
- Poor water provision at the site.
- Poor curing supervision
How to Prevent:
- Start curing within 12–24 hours
- Minimum 7 -14 days to cure concrete.
- Apply curing compounds in hard to cure water.
11.Application of Out of date or Low Quality Construction Chemicals.
What Goes Wrong?
Admixtures, waterproofing compounds and sealants and grouts are construction chemicals that become ineffective upon expiry.
Common Symptoms:
- Lack of workability of the concrete.
- Waterproofing failure
- Poor attachment and premature weakening.
Root Causes:
- Ignoring expiry dates
- Poor storage facilities.
- Acquiring products at the expense of untrustworthy suppliers.
How to Prevent:
- Checks on manufacturing and expiry dates.
- Keep chemicals in the stores according to the guidelines.
- Keep an inventory register of chemicals.
12.Timber Failure as a result of Moisture and the attack of termites.
What Goes Wrong?
The failure that timber may experience is common with the absorption of water and the infestation by termites in doors, windows and formwork.
Common Symptoms:
- Warping and bending
- Hollow sound in wood
- Visible termite damage
Root Causes:
- Using untreated timber
- High moisture content
- Poor site storage
How to Prevent:
- Use treated and old timber.
- Use anti-termite solution.
- Keep timber in dry and ventilated places.
13. Failure in Sealants and Joint Fillers
What Goes Wrong?
The sealants applied in expansion joints, windows, and wet areas are not resistant to loss of elasticity or adhesion.
Common Symptoms:
- Cracks in joints
- Water seepage
- Detachment from surfaces
Root Causes:
- Wrong choice of sealant.
- Poor surface preparation
- Use during inappropriate weather.
How to Prevent:
- Choose sealant according to movement of joint.
- Clean and dry joint surfaces
- Strict to manufacturer curing time.
14. False ceiling and Failure of Gypsum Board.
What Goes Wrong?
Failure of gypsum boards and ceiling systems is caused by exposure to moisture and improper fixing.
Common Symptoms:
- Sagging ceilings
- Board cracking
- Mold growth
Root Causes:
- Normal gypsum boards are used in wet areas.
- Inadequate support spacing
- Poor fastening techniques
How to Prevent:
- Wet areas Use water-proof boards.
- Recommended frame spacing.
- Ensure proper ventilation
15. Paint and Coating Failure
What Goes Wrong?
Paint failures are influenced on aesthetics and surface protection.
Common Symptoms:
- Peeling or blistering
- Fading and chalking
- Uneven finish
Root Causes:
- Painting on damp surfaces
- Poor surface preparation
- Low-quality or diluted paint
Prevention Tips:
- Make sure that the surface is dry before painting.
- Apply surface compatible primer.
- Allow recommended dry time between coats.
The nature of Building Material Failures at the Site.
The vast majority of the material failures may be attributed to:
- Lack of site testing
- Cost-cutting decisions
- Poor supervision
- Untrained labor
- Failing to follow the directions of manufacturers.
Best Practices in avoiding Building Material Failures.
- Basic field tests should always be done.
- Keep in good storing conditions.
- Follow approved mix designs
- Keep material test records
- Train site staff regularly
Conclusion:
Accidents involving building materials are not accidents, instead, they are errors that can be avoided. An active material selection, testing, storage, and use can help to save lakhs of rupees in the cost of repairs, to preserve the integrity of the structure and increase the life-span of buildings.
Material quality control is not discretionary to site engineers and contractors, but a must.
FAQ’s on Building material failures:
1.Which is the most common building material failures in construction sites?
The poor-quality concrete is the most prevalent failure which is commonly because of the wrong mix proportions, too much water or improper curing. It causes low strength, cracks, honeycombing and long term durability problems.
2. What is the relationship between building materials failures and poor storage?
Poor storage subjects materials such as cement, steel, sand and bricks to moisture, contamination and corrosion. To illustrate, cement that is introduced to moisture becomes weaker and rust deteriorated steel cement loses its bonding with concrete making the structure more risky.
3. Does the use of cheap building materials enhance construction failures?
Yes. Poor or non-certified materials that are used in order to save money usually lead to premature cracks, leakages, corrosion, and less life of the structure. The first savings normally result in increased repair and maintenance expenses in the future.
4. What are the contributions of workmanship errors to building material failures?
Good materials do not work when workmanship is bad. The most frequent problems are improper mixing, improper compaction, lack of cover to reinforcement and poor procedures of curing, which impact performance of the material directly in the site.
5. What can be done to avert the failures of the building materials on site?
The correct material testing, correct material storing, competent supervision, IS codes and constant quality checks at all the construction stages help avoid material failures. Checklist and trained manpower are simple tools that can help in reducing failures a lot.